2. Overview of Clinical Care | Highlights and Annotations by Gistr.

This lecture explores the goals and practices of healthcare. It examines historical and modern approaches, focusing on life expectancy, causes of death, and quality of life. The lecture discusses challenges like health disparities and the cost of healthcare, highlighting the need for a learning healthcare system that integrates data analysis and continuous improvement to optimize care and resource allocation. The role of evidence-based medicine and the limitations of randomized controlled trials are also addressed. Measuring Quality of Life Goals of Healthcare Compression of Morbidity - Reduction in the duration of time spent in a state of morbidity or disability The Cyclic Process of Care Traditional Tasks in Healthcare Practice Models of Health Outcomes Public Health Infrastructure Evidence-Based Medicine Initial Presentation : The patient describes their symptoms. Examination : The doctor gathers data through observation, tests, and measurements. Interpretation : The doctor interprets the data to form a diagnostic hypothesis. Diagnosis : The doctor makes a diagnosis. Therapy Planning : The doctor develops a treatment plan. Therapy Application : The doctor administers the treatment. Evaluation : The doctor monitors the patient's response to treatment. Revision : Based on the evaluation, the doctor may revise the diagnosis, therapy plan, or both. Paying for Healthcare Healthcare aims to improve and maintain health . Health is defined by the World Health Organization as a state of complete physical , mental , and social well-being , not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. Life expectancy is a measure of how long people live on average. Life expectancy has significantly increased globally, particularly in developing countries. Disparities in life expectancy exist between different racial groups. Chronic diseases are the leading causes of death in developed countries. Quality of life is a crucial factor in evaluating health outcomes. Activities of Daily Living (ADLs) : Measure a person's ability to perform basic tasks like bathing, dressing, and eating. Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs) : Measure a person's ability to perform more complex tasks like managing finances and housework. Morbidity refers to the state of being diseased or unhealthy. Disability refers to a condition that limits a person's ability to perform ADLs and IADLs. Diagnosis : Identifying the cause of a patient's illness. Prognosis : Predicting the likely course of a patient's illness. Therapy : Treating a patient's illness. Public health focuses on preventing disease and promoting health in populations. Disease tracking and epidemiological studies are key components of public health work. Quarantine is a controversial public health measure used to contain the spread of infectious diseases. Healthcare spending is a significant portion of national budgets in developed countries. Waste and inefficiencies contribute to high healthcare costs. Managed care is a system designed to control healthcare costs by limiting access to services. Accountable Care Organizations (ACOs) are a newer approach to managing healthcare costs that incentivizes providers to improve quality of care and reduce costs. Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials (RCTs) are the gold standard for evaluating the effectiveness of medical interventions. RCTs involve randomly assigning patients to receive either the experimental treatment or a control treatment. Learning Healthcare System : A system that continuously collects and analyzes data to improve healthcare outcomes. The use of electronic health records and other data sources is crucial for building a learning healthcare system.