This video summarizes "Make It Stick," focusing on three key learning principles: retrieval (testing yourself, not rereading), spaced repetition (gradually increasing intervals between study sessions), and varied practice (avoiding monotony). The presenter uses visual examples and connects these principles to sketchnoting, suggesting that creating visual summaries aids memory and application of learned material. The second overarching idea is that your learning be spaced and not crammed.02:16So here you want a bit of separation between each time you study, uh, a particular piece of information or practice, uh, new skill you want there to be a little bit of time in between those practice sessions, because it's actually helpful for you to forget a little bit or for it to move kind of to a deeper part of your brain so that it takes a little bit of effort that next time that you practice it, because that effortful retrieval is good for you.02:52It makes the connections in your brain stronger. The third big idea is that your practice be varied, as opposed to monotonous. So here, you want to kind of switch up your practice in some way so that you're not always doing exactly the same thing.03:11You're not always practicing the material in the same way, you're keeping it interesting in a way that prevents your brain from kind of knowing what's going to come next. It's not repetitive, but instead, is varied in the way that life is varied, that you don't know what questions are going to come up when you're going to need certain pieces of knowledge or when you're going to need to put to use a particular skill. The first of the three is that sticky learning is about retrieval, not review. So it's about pulling ideas from memory as opposed to just looking back at something like the things you underlined in a book or your highlights or rereading your bullet point notes.01:54that type of rereading or review isn't helpful in solidifying that knowledge. What's more more helpful is prompting yourself with some question and then having to pull that information from memory. If you focus on review instead of retrieval, review is where you look at what you underlined, you read your highlights, you review your notes. It gives you the sense of confidence. like, oh, yeah, I know this, this all makes sense.07:12I will remember this when I need it in the future. That's a false sense of confidence because understanding something, while you're reading, it is a lot different than pulling that information from memory. Here are some examples of retrieval techniques mentioned: The Testing Effect: Actively testing yourself on the material instead of passively reviewing it. This forces your brain to pull the information out. , Flashcards: Using simple flashcards with a question or prompt on one side and the answer on the back. This is a direct way to practice pulling specific information from memory. Connecting to Prior Knowledge: Keeping a journal where you regularly write in response to new things you're learning. Responding to open-ended questions or prompts, perhaps like those found on a quiz. Linking new ideas you're learning to your existing knowledge, experiences, and interests. This helps solidify the new information by connecting it to what's already in your brain. Here's an explanation of spaced learning versus crammed learning based on the video: Spaced Learning: This approach involves introducing time intervals or "separation" between your study or practice sessions for a specific piece of information or skill. Crammed Learning: This is the opposite, where learning or practice happens intensely without significant breaks or time separation between sessions. , The Key Difference: Spaced learning deliberately builds in time gaps between learning activities, while cramming concentrates them together. Based on the provided context: The ability to discriminate, or tell the difference between various items, is presented as a crucial aspect of effective learning, especially for practical application. Studying a variety of birds mixed together helps develop the skill to discriminate between them. This approach is considered more helpful than studying one species at a time because real-world situations (like being on a hike) require you to differentiate between various species you might encounter simultaneously.