This section delves into the psychology of motivation, contrasting success-seeking behavior with failure avoidance. The speaker uses B.F. Skinner's work on operant conditioning and Dale Carnegie's insights on human motivation to explain how consequences shape behavior. The discussion differentiates between positive and negative reinforcement, emphasizing the importance of framing tasks to encourage success-seeking rather than fear of failure. This segment details three crucial questions to assess empowerment: "Can you do it?" (self-efficacy), "Will it work?" (response-efficacy), and "Is it worth it?" (motivational). The speaker emphasizes the research basis for these questions and clarifies the distinction between education and training, highlighting the importance of demonstrating the effectiveness of a process and the value of its outcome. with several [long] hours before her flight. she hunted for a book in the airport shop bought a bag of cookies and found a place to drop. she was engrossed in her book but happened to see that the man beside her as bold as could be [grabbed] a cookie or two from the bag between which she tried to ignore to avoid a scene she read, munched cookies, and watched the clock as this gutsy cookie thief diminished her stock. She was getting more irritated as the minutes ticked by thinking, "if I wasn't so nice, I'd blacken his eye." with each cookie she took, he took one too. When only one was left she wondered what he'd do with a smile on his face and a nervous laugh. He took the last cookie and he broke it in half (laughter) he offered her a half as he ate the other she snatched it from him and thought, "oh, brother. this guy has some nerve, and he’s also rude. [why] he didn't even show any gratitude." she had never known when she had been so galled and sighed with relief when her flight was called she gathered her belongings and headed for the gate refusing to look back at the thieving ingrate she boarded the plane and sank in her seat then she sought her book which was almost complete as she reached in her baggage, she gasped with surprise there was her bag of cookies in front of her eyes (laughter) "if mine are here," she moaned with despair "then the others were his, and he tried to share." "too late to apologize," she realized with grief that she was the rude one, the ingrate, the thief. so, where were you, when I was--where were you? who's side were you on? were you thinking independent? or interdependent? I don't blame you if you think independent. that's how we are raised. nice guys finish last. squeaky wheel gets the grease. up to an alarm clock not an opportunity clock." (laughter) it's all in how you see it. really, it's all in how you see it. it's your paradigm. it's how you communicate to others and how you communicate to yourself. so, Ellen Langer said in her book "mindfulness", -and psychologists know -"when you perceive choice, you perceive motivation." you're more motivated. so the deal is, for yourself sit back and reflect, be mindful of the choices you have. and talk about being a success seeker, rather than a failure "avoider". it's all how you talk, how you communicate to yourself and to others. I got a fourth C word: community. powerful word. psychologists know that social support is critical. people who Self-efficacy: (Albert Bandura) The belief in one's own ability to succeed in specific situations or accomplish a task. It's the confidence in one's capabilities to execute the courses of action required to manage prospective situations. Response-efficacy: (Albert Bandura) The belief that a particular action will lead to a desired outcome. It's the confidence that a specific behavior will produce the intended result. Selection by consequences: (B.F. Skinner) The principle that behaviors followed by positive consequences are more likely to be repeated, while behaviors followed by negative consequences are less likely to be repeated. This is a core concept in operant conditioning. Negative reinforcement: The strengthening of a behavior by removing or avoiding an unpleasant stimulus. It's not punishment; it's about increasing the likelihood of a behavior by taking away something undesirable. Learned helplessness: A condition in which a person suffers from a sense of powerlessness, arising from a traumatic event or persistent failure to succeed. It is characterized by the belief that one's actions cannot affect outcomes. Paradigm: A typical example or pattern of something; a model. In this context, it refers to one's worldview or framework for understanding the world, influencing how they perceive and react to situations. Mindfulness: The state of being fully and consciously aware of one's surroundings and one's own thoughts and feelings. It involves paying attention to the present moment without judgment. Interdependence: A relationship in which two or more people or things rely on each other for support. It contrasts with independence, emphasizing mutual reliance and collaboration. Empowerment: In a management context, it can refer to delegating authority and responsibility to employees. In a personal context, it refers to a feeling of self-efficacy and control over one's life.